aee(1) aee(1) NNAAMMEE aee - another (easy) editor SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS aaeeee [ options ... ] [file[s]] rraaee [ options ... ] file[s] xxaaee [ options ... ] [file[s]] rrxxaaee [ options ... ] file[s] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN _a_e_e and _x_a_e are non-modal editors, that is, the user does not need to switch from one mode to another to insert and delete text. The editor is always in text mode. Control sequences and function keys are used to perform the edit- ing functions. In the case of _x_a_e, the mouse can also be used to position the cursor, and perform text selection and pasting. _r_a_e and _r_x_a_e are the same as _a_e_e and _x_a_e respectively, except that they are restricted to editing the file(s) named on the invoking command line. No other files may be opened or written, nor may shell operations be performed. The arrow keys (up, down, left, right) may be used to move the cursor. If the keyboard is so equipped, the pprreevv and nneexxtt keys will move the cursor to the previous and next pages, respectively. The ggoolldd key is a key that is used to provide alternate behavior for a key, much like a gold function key on a calculator keyboard. So, for example, function key number 7 (ff77) may be used for initiating a search, while pressing the ggoolldd key and then ff77 will produce a prompt for the string to be searched for. The gold function can be assigned to any assignable key. By default, the keys ff11 and ccoonnttrrooll--gg (^^gg) are assigned the gold function. The rest of the keys by default will behave as described below. OOPPTTIIOONNSS The following are accepted as options when starting _a_e_e or _x_a_e: -e Turn off echo from initial- ization file. -i Turn off info window. -j Turn off journaling. -n Turn off highlighting of menu and info window borders. 1 aee(1) aee(1) -r Recover from failed edit ses- sion (using journal file from that session). -t Expand tabs to spaces. +_n_u_m_b_e_r Move cursor to start of line _n_u_m_b_e_r. The following additional options are available for _x_a_e only: -fn _f_o_n_t Specify a font for use with _x_a_e. Resource name BBaasseeFFoonntt. -fg _c_o_l_o_r Specify a foreground color (color of text). Resource name FFoorreeggrroouunnddCCoolloorr. -bg _c_o_l_o_r Specify a background color. Resource name BBaacckkggrroouunndd-- CCoolloorr. -geometry _=_c_o_l_u_m_n_sxx_l_i_n_e_s Specify a geometry for _x_a_e. Resource name GGeeoommeettrryy. The _x_a_e specific options may be specified in the XX--WWiinnddoowwss VVeerrssiioonn 1111 defaults file for the user. See your X-Windows documentation for more details. FFuunnccttiioonn KKeeyyss _a_e_e uses the terminal's function keys to perform editing tasks. By default, only keys ff11 through ff88 are defined. (Although a terminal may have function keys, the keys may not send unique sequences that can be recognized by soft- ware, or may require particular settings in order to be useful. If in doubt, ask your system administrator.) KEY NAME NORMAL FUNCTION GOLD FUNCTION F1 GOLD GOLD F2 undel character undel line F3 delete word undel word F4 advance word begin of line F5 search search prompt F6 mark copy F7 cut paste F8 advance line command CCoonnttrrooll KKeeyyss Control keys are the regular alphabetic keys pressed in conjunction with the ccoonnttrrooll key (sometimes spelled CCTTRRLL). To press control-a (also noted as ^^aa), first press 2 aee(1) aee(1) ccoonnttrrooll, then press 'aa', so that both keys are pressed at the same time. KEY NAME NORMAL FUNCTION GOLD FUNCTION Control A ascii code match Control B bottom of text append Control C copy clear to eol Control D begin of line prefix Control E command Control F search search prompt Control G GOLD GOLD Control H backspace Control J carriage-return Control K delete character undelete char Control L delete line undelete line Control M carriage-return Control N next page next buffer Control O end of line Control P prev page prev buffer Control R redraw screen reverse Control T top of text Control U mark Control V paste forward search Control W delete word undelete word Control X cut format Control Y advance word prev word Control Z replace replace prompt Control [ (Escape) menu MMeennuu OOppeerraattiioonnss Pop-up menus can be obtained by pressing the eessccaappee key (or ^^[[ if no eessccaappee key is present). When in the menu, the escape key can be used to leave the menu without per- forming any operations. Use the up and down arrow keys, ^^uu and ^^dd or the ssppaaccee or bbaacckkssppaaccee keys to move to the desired items in the menu, then press rreettuurrnn to perform the indicated task. The main menu in _a_e_e is as follows: lleeaavvee eeddiittoorr If changes have been made, the user will get a menu prompting whether or not the changes should be saved. hheellpp Displays a help screen, with all of the key- board operations and commands. eeddiitt Pops up a menu to allow the user to mmaarrkk, ccooppyy marked text, ccuutt marked text, or ppaassttee previ- ously marked text. ffiillee ooppeerraattiioonnss Pops up a menu for selecting whether to read a 3 aee(1) aee(1) file, write to a file, or save the current con- tents of the editor, send the contents of the editor to a print command (see the section IInnii-- ttiiaalliizziinngg aaeeee ffrroomm aa ffiillee), as well as recover- ing from a previous edit session (see RReeccoovveerryy below). rreeddrraaww ssccrreeeenn Provides a means to repaint the screen if the screen has been corrupted. sseettttiinnggss Shows the current values of the operating modes, and margins. By pressing return when the cursor is on a particular item, the value can be changed. Also within this menu is an entry to allow the user to save the current configuration of the editor to a file. To leave this menu, press the eessccaappee key. (See MMooddeess below.) sseeaarrcchh//rreeppllaaccee Pops up a menu in which the user may choose to enter a string to search for, or search for a string already entered, or perform a replace string operation. mmiisscceellllaanneeoouuss Pops up a menu that allows the user to format the current paragraph, execute a shell command, or check the spelling of the text in the cur- rent buffer. CCoommmmaannddss Some operations require more input than one key can pro- vide, or do not need to be so easily accessed. These com- mands are entered using the prompt provided by pressing the ccoommmmaanndd (^E or ^C or gold f8) key. The line commands are: aauuttooformat * Turn automatic paragraph format- ting on. nnooaauuttooformat * Turn automatic paragraph format- ting off (default). bbuufffer [_n_a_m_e]* This command will move from the current buffer to the buffer with the name given by the user. If the buffer did not previously exist, it is created. If no parameter is given, then the name of the current buffer is 4 aee(1) aee(1) displayed. Note: a buffer cre- ated with this command is not associated with a file, nor is it journalled. ccaase* Specifies that the case of each letter is to be taken into account in the search operation. nnooccaase* Specifies that there is no dis- tinction between upper and lower case during search and replace operations (default). ccdd _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y Change directory cchharacter Displays the ascii code of the character the cursor is on. ddeeffine [gold] _k_e_y _s_t_r_i_n_g* Assigns all of the string fol- lowing the key definition to the key specified by the user. The commands allowed in the string are described in the SYMBOLS section. ddeellete Deletes the current buffer (the initial buffer may not be deleted). eecchhoo _s_t_r_i_n_g Echoes the string to the termi- nal during startup of _a_e_e. eeddit _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e Edit another file. A new buffer will be created in which the named file can be edited. If no file is specified, a temporary buffer name is created for use within _a_e_e. If journalling is on for the initial file being edited, journalling will occur for the new edit buffer as well. eeiight* If your terminal has an eight bit character set, then use this command to cause _a_e_e to send the eight bit value to your termi- nal. The default condition is to display the eight bit charac- ter as the decimal value of the character between angle brack- ets. 5 aee(1) aee(1) nnooeeiight* If your terminal does not have an eight bit character set, use this command to cause _a_e_e to display eight bit characters as the decimal value of the charac- ter between angle brackets (251 is displayed as <251>). This is the default condition. eexxiit[!] Exit the current edit session writing out the main buffer to the file name used in entering the editor. The optional excla- mation mark allows you to leave without editing the rest of the files in the list of files spec- ified when the edit session was invoked. eexxppand* Causes spaces to be inserted when the tab key is pressed. Spaces fill to the next tab stop. nnooeexxpand* Tabs are _n_o_t replaced with spaces (default). ffiille Display the name of the file being edited. hheellpp Provides the user with informa- tion about using the editor while in the editor. hheeiigghhtt [_n_u_m_b_e_r] * Set the height (number of lines) displayed in the info window. If no number is specified, the current value is displayed. hheellppffiillee The location and name of the file containing help informa- tion. iinnddent* When creating a new line by pressing the carriage return, the new line will have the same indentation (number of spaces and tabs) as the previous line. nnooiinnddent* Turns off the indent mode (default). iinnffoo * Turn info window on (default). 6 aee(1) aee(1) nnooiinnffoo * Turn info window off. jjoouurrnnaallddiirr Specifies the path to the direc- tory where journal files are to be created. jjuussttiiffyy Justify the right side of the text when using the ffoorrmmaatt func- tion to format a paragraph. nnoojjuussttiiffyy Turn off right justification of a paragraph (default). lliine Displays the current line num- ber. lliitteral* Causes characters in search string to be matched one-to-one with characters in the text. nnoolliitteral* Allows metacharacters in the search string (default). mmaarrggins * Causes left and right margins to be observed (set using lleeffttmmaarr-- ggiinn and rriigghhttmmaarrggiinn). nnoommaarrggins * Allows lines to be any length (disregards the margin set- tings). lleeffttmargin [_n_u_m_b_e_r] * Set the left margin to _n_u_m_b_e_r. If no number is specified, then the current value is displayed. rriigghhttmargin [_n_u_m_b_e_r] * Set the right margin to _n_u_m_b_e_r (nnoowwrraapp must be set for margin setting to be observed). If no number is specified, then the current value is displayed. oovveerrstrike* Causes characters to overstrike or replace existing characters instead of inserting. nnoooovveerrstrike* Causes characters to be inserted into line at current cursor position without replacing existing characters (default). pprriinntt Sends the contents of the cur- rent buffer to the printer. The command that is used can be 7 aee(1) aee(1) specified in the _i_n_i_t_._a_e file, see section IInniittiiaalliizziinngg aaeeee FFrroomm AA FFiillee. pprriinnttccoommmmaanndd Allows the setting of the print command (default: "lp"). ppwwdd Display the current directory. qquuiitt[!] Quit the current edit session without writing a file. The optional exclamation mark has the same meaning as for the eexxiitt command. rreeaadd _f_i_l_e Read a file into the current buffer after the cursor. rreesseeqquence Renumber the lines. ssaavvee Save the contents of the main buffer to the file being edited. sshhoow [gold] _k_e_y Displays the function(s) assigned to the specified key. ssttaattuuss* A status line is displayed on the bottom line of the screen. nnoossttaattus*" Turns off the status line (default). ssttooppss _n_u_m_b_e_r * Tabs will be spaced every _n_u_m_b_e_r spaces, unless other tabs are set using the ttaabbss command. ttaabbss [_s_t_o_p_s _._._.] * Sets tabs to _s_t_o_p_s. After the last user defined tab stop, tabs are the normal sequence of every eight columns, or as set using the ssttooppss command. The first column is 0. uunnttaabs _s_t_o_p_s _._._. * Removes the specified tab stops. wwiinnddows* This command specifies whether or not buffers are displayed on the screen simultaneously. If wwiinnddoowwss (default) is specified, then buffers exist on the screen together. nnoowwiinnddows* This command specifies that there is only one buffer on the 8 aee(1) aee(1) screen at a time. wwrriittee _f_i_l_e Write the current buffer out to the specified file. 0123456789 Enter a number to go to the line corresponding to that number. ++ or -- _n_u_m_b_e_r Moves forward or back the number of lines specified. [<_i_n_b_u_f_f] [>_o_u_t_b_u_f_f ] !!command Execute the command following the exclamation mark in the UNIX shell. The shell used is the one specified in the shell vari- able SSHHEELLLL in the user's envi- ronment, or //bbiinn//sshh if SSHHEELLLL is not defined. You may send data from the buffer _o_u_t_b_u_f_f (or the current buffer if _o_u_t_b_u_f_f is not specified) out to the shell by using the right angle bracket (>). You may read into _i_n_b_u_f_f (or the current buffer if _i_n_b_u_f_f is not specified) by using the left angle bracket (<) as shown. The data read in from the com- mand will be placed after the current cursor location in the buffer * may be used in init file, see section IInniittiiaalliizziinngg aaeeee FFrroomm AA FFiillee only used in initialization file may also be assigned to a key using the ddeeffiinnee command SSeeaarrcchh aanndd RReeppllaaccee _a_e_e's search facility provides several abilities. The user may choose for the search to be case sensitive, or ignore the case (upper or lower) of a character (nnooccaassee is the default). The user may also choose lliitteerraall, or nnoolliitt-- eerraall (the default) modes for the search facility. The lliitteerraall mode interprets the search string literally, nnoolliitteerraall means that some characters (called metacharac- ters) have special meaning, as described below: symbol meaning 9 aee(1) aee(1) ^ beginning of line $ end of line \\x interpret 'x' literally [abc] match a single character in the text to one in brackets [a-z] match a single character in the text to one in range a-z [^abc] match a single character in the text that is not within the brackets after '^' ('^' means 'not') * match any sequence of characters, useful in mid- dle of string with known beginning and end, but variable middle . match any single character The carat (^) within the square brackets ([]) means that the search will match any characters _n_o_t within the brack- ets. The carat _m_u_s_t be the first character after the opening bracket. The asterisk (*) may be useful when searching for a string to which you know the beginning and end, but not what characters (if any) or how many may be in the middle. The first character after the asterisk should not be a metacharacter (a character with special meaning). The replace facility uses the same modes as the search facility. The prompt for the replace operation shows the syntax for the input: /string1/string2/ where the slash ('/') may be replaced by any character that is not in the search or replacement string, and "string1" is to be replaced by "string2". When in nnoolliitt-- eerraall mode, the search string may be placed in the replace- ment string by using the ampersand ('&'), like so: /old/abc&123/ Where "old" will be inserted between "abc" and "123". 10 aee(1) aee(1) RReeccoovveerryy If for some reason an edit session is interrupted, it is possible to recover the work done in the session. This is accomplished via the information stored in the journal file, which is a record of the changes made to the text in the buffer while in the editor. To recover a session in which a file named _f_o_o was being edited, use the command: aee -r _f_o_o This is only possible if the --jj option was not used, since the --jj option turns journaling off. It is also possible to start _a_e_e with no arguments, and then to browse the journal files. This is accomplished through the menus. To perform this task, bring up the menu by pressing the EEsscc key, select _f_i_l_e _o_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s, then select _r_e_c_o_v_e_r _f_r_o_m _j_o_u_r_n_a_l. You should then be presented with a list of files to recover. KKeeyy DDeeffiinniittiioonnss The function keys and control sequences (alphabetic keys pressed with the control key) may be defined by the user to perform any of the functions described below. The user may assign more than one function to each key, as long as each one is separated by one or more spaces. The following describes the functions of the keys and how the user may redefine the keyboard during the edit session on the command line. The same syntax is used in the _i_n_i_t_i_a_l_- _i_z_a_t_i_o_n _f_i_l_e. Note that the '^' is typed by the user in the following examples, and is nnoott generated by pressing the control key and letter, and that f2 is entered by typing an 'f' and then a '2'. Examples: ddeeffiinnee ^^bb ddll will define the key control b to have the function delete line. ddeeffiinnee ggoolldd ^^bb uuddll assigns the function undelete line to GOLD control b. ddeeffiinnee ff22 //tthhiiss iiss aann iinnsseerrtteedd ssttrriinngg// ccrr will cause the string between the delimiters (/) to be inserted followed by a carriage-return whenever the func- tion key f2 is pressed. 11 aee(1) aee(1) If you wish to have a key that deletes to the end of line without appending the next line to the end, you may make the following key definition: ddeeffiinnee ff33 ddll ccrr lleefftt This set of functions will delete to the end of line and append the next to the end of the line, then insert a line at the cursor, and then move the cursor back to the end of the previous line, the position where you started. This may of course be assigned to any valid key. SSyymmbboollss The following symbols, as well as the commands noted by () in the list of commands may be assigned to keys using the ddeeffiinnee command. Symbol Description --------------------------------------------- menu pop up menu dl delete line dc delete character dw delete word und undelete last thing deleted, keeps last 128 things deleted udl undelete line udc undelete character udw undelete word eol end of line bol begin of line bot begin of text eot end of text np next page pp previous page nb next buffer pb previous buffer gold gold il insert line psrch search prompt srch search prp replace prompt rp replace fwd forward (search forward of cursor) rev reverse (search before cursor) al advance line aw advance word pw previous word format format paragraph mark mark text prefix mark text and place _b_e_f_o_r_e existing text in paste buffer 12 aee(1) aee(1) append mark text and place _a_f_t_e_r existing text in paste buffer cut cut marked text copy copy marked text pst paste previously cut or copied text unmark unmark text, doesn't affect previ- ous paste buffer contents ac ascii character mc match (), {}, [], or <> cmd command up up arrow down down arrow left left arrow right right arrow rd redraw screen bck backspace cr carriage return /,. the first non-alpha character will act as a separator to allow for single line text insertion, the second occurrence of the same char- acter will end the insertion IInniittiiaalliizziinngg aaeeee FFrroomm AA FFiillee _a_e_e checks for a file named _i_n_i_t_._a_e in _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_l_i_b, _._i_n_i_t_._a_e in the user's home directory, then for _._i_n_i_t_._a_e in the current directory. (This file may be created manu- ally or by using the menu entry '_s_a_v_e _e_d_i_t_o_r _c_o_n_f_i_g' in the 'settings' menu.) If the file exists, it is read and initializes _a_e_e to the parameters as defined in the file. By having initialization files in multiple places, the user may specify settings for global use, and then supple- ment these with customization for the local directory. The parameters allowed in the _i_n_i_t_._a_e file are key defini- tions, turning off windowing, case sensitivity, literal searching, eight bit characters, as well as the ability to echo strings to the terminal (see the CCoommmmaannddss section for the commands allowed in the initialization file). An example follows: define ^z rp define gold ^z prp define f3 und define f4 unmark define k0 srch define gold k0 psrch case printcommand lp -dlaser echo \033&jB The above example assigns the command rreeppllaaccee to control- z, and rreeppllaaccee pprroommpptt to gold control-z, as well as set- ting _a_e_e to be sensitive to the case of characters during search and replacement operations. It also defines the 13 aee(1) aee(1) function keys ff33 and ff44 to be uunnddeelleettee and uunnmmaarrkk respec- tively. The pprriinntt command will send its output to the device 'laser' through the UNIX command llpp. A string is eecchhooed to the terminal which will "turn on" the user func- tion keys on an HP terminal. The user may wish to eecchhoo strings to the terminal when starting _a_e_e ttoo sseett uupp tthhee tteerrmmiinnaall oorr ootthheerr ddeevviicceess,, ssoo tthhee eecchhoo facility is provided. EEcchhoo is applicable _o_n_l_y in the initialization file. No quotes are required around the string to be echoed. Characters may be literal or escaped (using the backslash convention). The --ee option on the invoking command line turns off the eecchhoo operation. This may be useful if you normally use one type of termi- nal (and echo strings for its use), but occasionally use another terminal and do not wish the strings to be eecchhooed. Operations allowed in the initialization file are noted in the list of commands with an asterisk (*). SShheellll EEssccaappeess Sometimes it is desirable to execute shell commands out- side of the editor. This may be accomplished by pressing a key assigned to the ccoommmmaanndd function (^^EE, or ggoolldd FF88), and then entering an exclamation mark (!) followed by the shell command(s) to be executed. It is possible to send data from the editor to be processed by a shell command and/or read data from a shell command into a buffer in the editor. The format for this is as follows: <_i_n_b_u_f_f >_o_u_t_b_u_f_f !_c_o_m_m_a_n_d where _i_n_b_u_f_f is the name of the buffer to receive the data and _o_u_t_b_u_f_f is the name of the buffer to output to the shell command. By omitting the name of the buffer, the current buffer will be used. For example, if you have a list of names and wish them sorted, you could use the UNIX command _s_o_r_t. If you wished to view them while in the current edit session, you could use the following sequence: list !sort where _l_i_s_t is the name of the buffer containing the unsorted list, _s_o_r_t_e_d is the name of the buffer to contain the sorted list, and _s_o_r_t is the name of the UNIX command to be executed. The data read in from the command will be placed after the current cursor location in the receiving buffer. If the specified buffer does not exist when the command is entered, it will be created. You should be sure of the spelling of the name of the buffer to be the input of the command if you are specifying one. 14 aee(1) aee(1) PPRRIINNTT CCoommmmaanndd The pprriinntt command allows you to send the contents of the current buffer to a command specified by using the pprriinntt-- ccoommmmaanndd operation in the initialization file. The default is 'llpp', using the default device. If you choose to specify something other than the default command, the command should be able to take its input from _s_t_d_i_n, since _a_e_e will set up a pipe to feed the informa- tion to the command. PPaarraaggrraapphh FFoorrmmaattttiinngg Paragraphs are defined for _a_e_e by a block of text bounded by: +o Begin or end of file. +o Line with no characters, or only spaces and/or tabs. +o Line starting with a period ('.') or right angle bracket ('>'). A paragraph may be formatted two ways: explicitly by choosing the ffoorrmmaatt ppaarraaggrraapphh menu item, or by setting _a_e_e to automatically format paragraphs. The automatic mode may be set via a menu, or via the initialization file. There are three states for text operation in _a_e_e: free- form, wrap, and automatic formatting. "Free-form" is best used for things like programming. There are no restrictions on the length of lines, and no formatting takes place. Margins are not enabled for this state. "Wrap" allows the user to type in text without having to worry about going beyond the right margin (the right and left margins may be set in the sseettttiinnggss menu, the default is for the right margin to be the right edge of the termi- nal). This is the mode that allows the ffoorrmmaatt ppaarraaggrraapphh menu item to work. The "observe margins" entry in the "settings" menu allows the user to toggle this state, as well as the mmaarrggiinn and nnoommaarrggiinn commands (see CCoommmmaannddss above). "Automatic formatting" provides word-processor-like behav- ior. The user may type in text, while _a_e_e will make sure the entire paragraph fits within the margins every time the user inserts a space after typing or deleting text. Margins must also be enabled in order for automatic for- matting to occur. The "auto paragraph format" item in the "settings" menu allows the user to toggle this state, as 15 aee(1) aee(1) well as the commands aauuttooffoorrmmaatt and nnooaauuttooffoorrmmaatt. MMooddeess Although _a_e_e is a 'modeless' editor (it is in text inser- tion mode all the time), there are modes in some of the things it does. These include: ttaabbss ttoo ssppaacceess Tabs may be inserted as a single tab character, or replaced with spaces. ccaassee sseennssiittiivvee sseeaarrcchh The search operation can be sensitive to whether characters are upper- or lower-case, or ignore case completely. lliitteerraall sseeaarrcchh Allows the user to specify whether regular expressions are to be used for searching or not. oobbsseerrvvee mmaarrggiinnss The left and right margins can be observed, or not. iinnffoo wwiinnddooww A window showing the keyboard operations that can be performed can be displayed or not. ssttaattuuss lliinnee Display the file name, position in the file, and selected status indicators. aauuttoo iinnddeenntt The editor can be set to automatically indent the newly inserted line the same as the previ- ous line, or not (primarily useful for program- ming). oovveerrssttrriikkee Toggle text insertion or overstrike modes. aauuttoo ppaarraaggrraapphh ffoorrmmaattttiinngg While typing in text, the editor can try to keep it looking reasonably well within the width of the screen. mmuullttii wwiinnddoowwss Allow multiple buffers to be displayed at the same time, or only a single buffer at a time. iinnffoo wwiinnddooww hheeiigghhtt Displays and allows the user to change the height of the information window displayed at 16 aee(1) aee(1) the top of the terminal (window) with key map- pings and commands. ssaavvee eeddiittoorr ccoonnffiigg Used to save the current editor configuration to a file (see the section IInniittiiaalliizziinngg aaeeee ffrroomm aa ffiillee). In addition to the settings within the settings menu, tabs and key mappings are saved. You may set these modes via the initialization file (see above), with a menu (see MMeennuu above), or via commands (see CCoommmmaannddss above). MMaarrkk,, CCuutt,, CCooppyy,, aanndd PPaassttee To move large chunks of text around, use the control key commands mmaarrkk (^U or f6), ccuutt (^X or f7), and ppaassttee (gold ^V or gold f7). These commands allow you to mark the text you wish to use so that it may be put in the paste buffer. The paste buffer differs from the buffers mentioned below in that you may not move to it, and that it is only used for these operations. Once the text has been placed in the paste buffer, you may move your cursor wherever you wish and insert the text there, as many times you wish, anywhere you want. Simply move the cursor to the start of a section of text you wish to mark, and press the key assigned the control key function mmaarrkk (^U or f6). Move the cursor over the text you wish to place in the paste buffer. The text between the cursor position at which you pressed the mmaarrkk key and the current position will be highlighted. Once you have marked all of the text you wish to place in the paste buffer, press the key for ccuutt (^X or f7) or ccooppyy (^C or gold f6). The ccuutt operation deletes the text from the buffer in which the text is contained, and the ccooppyy opera- tion simply places the text in the paste buffer without deleting it. Now you may move to another section and use the ppaassttee function to insert it as many times as you wish. If you wish to copy several sections of text that are not adjacent to each other, you may use the aappppeenndd function (gold ^B) to put the text you will mark at the end of the current paste buffer contents, or the pprreeffiixx function (gold ^D) to place the newly marked text before the cur- rent paste buffer contents when you ccooppyy or ccuutt. The pprree-- ffiixx and aappppeenndd functions are used in place of the mmaarrkk function. Sometimes you may start marking text, then decide to can- cel the operation. It is possible to do that by using the uunnmmaarrkk operation. The uunnmmaarrkk operation is not assigned to any key by default. 17 aee(1) aee(1) BBuuffffeerr OOppeerraattiioonnss _a_e_e allows you to examine more than one file in the editor during one edit session. This mechanism is known as buffers, and the first buffer is called mmaaiinn. Buffers may or may not be viewed simultaneously on the screen depend- ing upon the wishes of the user. The default condition allows for the buffers to co-exist on the screen, but this may be changed by using the command nnoowwiinnddoowwss. To return to the default condition, enter the command wwiinnddoowwss, and buffers will co-exist on the screen. You may switch between having windows and not having windows at any time without losing information in the buffers. _a_e_e will remind you that you have buffers if you attempt to leave the editor without deleting them. Buffers are created when you enter the command bbuuffffeerr with a single argument, which is used as the buffer's name. This command not only creates the new buffer, but it moves the cursor to the new buffer. This is also the way to move to a buffer which already exists. Buffer movement is also facilitated by the control key commands nnbb (gold ^N) and ppbb (gold ^P), short for nneexxtt bbuuffffeerr and pprreevviioouuss bbuuffffeerr. This is especially useful if you mistype or for- get the name of any of the buffers you have created and have windowing turned off. The command bbuuffffeerr without any arguments displays the name of the current buffer. Buffers can be deleted by using the command ddeelleettee. Sim- ply move to the buffer to be deleted and use the command ddeelleettee. You ccaannnnoott delete the first buffer, called mmaaiinn. Note that all commands operate in the buffer in which your cursor is operating, so you may use the wwrriittee and rreeaadd commands to save or read a file into the current buffer. OOnn--LLiinnee HHeellpp On-line help is provided through the 'help' command or menu item. This command uses a file with help informa- tion. By default the help file is located in //uussrr//llooccaall//lliibb//hheellpp..aaee, but this file may be located in the user's home directory with the name ..hheellpp..aaee, or in the current directory with the name hheellpp..aaee. WWAARRNNIINNGGSS A journal file will not be created if the user does not have write permission to the directory in which the file is to reside. If the file to edit does not exist, and is to be created in a directory to which the user does not have write per- mission, _a_e_e will exit with an error without editing the file. 18 aee(1) aee(1) The automatic paragraph formatting operation may be too slow for slower systems. Writing the information to the journal during some opera- tions may be rather disk I/O intensive, which may impact performance noticably on slower systems. Journal files may also grow considerably during an edit session, which may be a concern if there is little disk space available. Turning off journaling may be useful if performance is slow, but turning off journaling will mean the loss of data should a system or network failure occur while using the editor. CCAAVVEEAATTSS THIS MATERIAL IS PROVIDED "AS IS". THERE ARE NO WAR- RANTIES OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS MATERIAL, INCLUD- ING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MER- CHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Nei- ther Hewlett-Packard nor Hugh Mahon shall be liable for errors contained herein, nor for incidental or consequen- tial damages in connection with the furnishing, perfor- mance or use of this material. Neither Hewlett-Packard nor Hugh Mahon assumes any responsibility for the use or reliability of this software or documentation. This soft- ware and documentation is totally UNSUPPORTED. There is no support contract available. Hewlett-Packard has done NO Quality Assurance on ANY of the program or documenta- tion. You may find the quality of the materials inferior to supported materials. Always make a copy of files that cannot be easily repro- duced before editing. Save files early, and save often. FFIILLEESS _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_l_i_b_/_i_n_i_t_._a_e _$_H_O_M_E_/_._a_e_e_i_n_f_o _$_H_O_M_E_/_._i_n_i_t_._a_e _._i_n_i_t_._a_e AAUUTTHHOORR The software _a_e_e and _x_a_e was developed by Hugh Mahon. This software and documentation contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. Copyright (c) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 portions Hugh Mahon and por- tions Hewlett-Packard Company. 19